tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10577940224432584622024-03-05T00:17:01.560-08:00Our Neck of the WoodsRestorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comBlogger31125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-42240185774900405002015-02-27T10:52:00.003-08:002015-02-27T10:52:32.905-08:00What makes a plant a native?<div class="MsoNormal">
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I have been spending an awful lot of time indoors the last
few weeks insulated from all this winter weather. Work in the office involves quite a bit of
data entry, navigating Excel worksheets, and preparing lab samples providing me
with plenty of time to think about all the why’s, the what’s, and the how’s of
our research. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Today my mind is stuck on a what … Just what is a native
plant anyway?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfgjnHOXsmYZFqLfFD5cYIxDi72oANU57ZO2Z5us6YYmvrDe6kCKIYKfsYn5F-GWE6vxN5b9tJbgpj3jgWGnEsdM22NzpqQYDwXeCrmUSuLKvKXfcgZVe64FwnMiRyY1m9uGp7YVHgObsc/s1600/Asclepias+spp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfgjnHOXsmYZFqLfFD5cYIxDi72oANU57ZO2Z5us6YYmvrDe6kCKIYKfsYn5F-GWE6vxN5b9tJbgpj3jgWGnEsdM22NzpqQYDwXeCrmUSuLKvKXfcgZVe64FwnMiRyY1m9uGp7YVHgObsc/s1600/Asclepias+spp.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">A native <i>Asceplias spp.</i> better known as Butterfly Weed</span></div>
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I did a quick internet search and found the following
definitions:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>USDA Forest Service:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<i>Native plants are the indigenous terrestrial and
aquatic species that have evolved and occur naturally in a particular region,
ecosystem, and habitat. Species native to North America are generally
recognized as those occurring on the continent prior to European settlement.
They represent a number of different life forms, including conifer trees,
hardwood trees and shrubs, grasses, forbs, and others.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<b>Federal Executive Order 11987:</b> </div>
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<i>‘Native species’ means all species of plants and animals naturally occurring, either presently or historically, in any ecosystem of the United States.</i></div>
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<b>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service:</b> </div>
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<i>Native. With respect to a particular ecosystem, a species that, other than as a result of an introduction, historically occurred or currently occurs in that ecosystem.</i></div>
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<b>The United States National Arboretum:</b></div>
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<i>A native plant is one that occurs naturally in a particular region, ecosystem, or habitat without direct or indirect human intervention. We consider the flora present at the time Europeans arrived in North America as the species native to the eastern United States. Native plants include all kinds of plants from mosses and ferns to wildflowers, shrubs, and trees.</i> </div>
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Did you pick a favorite? What I see as common to all of these definitions is the designation, by humans, of place and time. A plant in its proper place has all that it needs to grow vigorously while fulfilling its role as food to some and shelter to others. It is resilient to competition and predation, enjoys a reproductive advantage, efficiently uses water and nutrients, while functioning in a community that includes other plants, animals, fungi, soil, etc. </div>
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Well, that is not so different than any one of us, native earthlings, now is it?</div>
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A native <i>Cirsium spp.</i> in the sandhills of Georgia</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd_wQFZcvihcJvQ7rptwVwDsHfQNYhoZYj9BxwZ4Fuqh-nG2gmsTaSQYjEcRvp3edeDW7RKIsZGIAe0MJ5QZG5Z6pv39fKA9uyfAklqPIEhTDLtjMZnrEAEev2qOOCcCzwBFPJBI-x4waz/s1600/IMG_2022.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd_wQFZcvihcJvQ7rptwVwDsHfQNYhoZYj9BxwZ4Fuqh-nG2gmsTaSQYjEcRvp3edeDW7RKIsZGIAe0MJ5QZG5Z6pv39fKA9uyfAklqPIEhTDLtjMZnrEAEev2qOOCcCzwBFPJBI-x4waz/s1600/IMG_2022.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i>Allium tricoccum</i>, better known as ramps, are a popular spring ephemeral in the mountains of N.C.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i>Lespedeza capitata</i> in flower at one of our experimental gardens</span></div>
Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-78730872008095142072015-01-20T12:15:00.001-08:002015-01-20T12:15:48.555-08:00Wiregrass planted!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We planted our final species in the common gardens this past week! We now have 3 grasses (<i>Sorghastrum elliottii, Schizachyrium scoparium, and Aristida beyrichiana/stricta</i>), 2 composites (<i>Pityopsis graminifolia/aspera </i>and<i> Solidago odora</i>), and 2 legumes (<i>Tephrosia virginiana </i>and<i> Lespedeza capitata</i>). </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Wiregrass plug trays lined up and getting rained on at SREC. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Cold, wet, and dreary pretty much sums up last week for me. Perfect conditions for our wiregrass seedlings, but only just tolerable for a southerner like myself. Soil conditions at all 3 of our gardens were moist and cool. We were drizzled on from time to time, but thankfully the predicted ice pellets never materialized. Thank you TJ, Joan, Kate, Eric, and Shawna for all the help this past week! </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-r3V7BmexGXtBLzEAkq2f0uOTl6TtlLjb0L60E9N9G933xXCVDsUE23mW4NOHw55G8m_WTPE-RRbTcanMbgZAWXi6CUCR44UfqLLJp8cnhiUL88pFtwCC8GwC_0EJYwqDyK39pSWehH2Z/s1600/IMG_4795.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-r3V7BmexGXtBLzEAkq2f0uOTl6TtlLjb0L60E9N9G933xXCVDsUE23mW4NOHw55G8m_WTPE-RRbTcanMbgZAWXi6CUCR44UfqLLJp8cnhiUL88pFtwCC8GwC_0EJYwqDyK39pSWehH2Z/s1600/IMG_4795.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Kate and Eric carefully planting wiregrass plugs at SREC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Planted wiregrass at PDREC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">A close-up of planted wiregrass plugs at PDREC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Planted wiregrass at CREC.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi14c1wqdSn-_XAIFHOvL5sYla8Z7u1U1cWyaOSg-OV72Frf3dKxie8fcZpzM8FqdMw8tiMfN25JOLZWL4pb-hLMdDdDd86CMCWhDHSY6tgukGDmT82dq7azFKmWpeVcQ9I3cizhGEGH7H/s1600/IMG_4811.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi14c1wqdSn-_XAIFHOvL5sYla8Z7u1U1cWyaOSg-OV72Frf3dKxie8fcZpzM8FqdMw8tiMfN25JOLZWL4pb-hLMdDdDd86CMCWhDHSY6tgukGDmT82dq7azFKmWpeVcQ9I3cizhGEGH7H/s1600/IMG_4811.JPG" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">A close-up of a wiregrass plug planted at CREC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">And this is what approximately 6 hours of planting looks like in a minute and a half...</span></div>
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<br />Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-62502094407867140122014-11-17T12:42:00.001-08:002014-11-17T12:47:25.062-08:00Of smut and wiregrass...<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">During our native seed collections of 2010 and 2011, I really got an eye for spotting healthy plants and inflorescences with seed suitable for propagation. There was plenty of time to refine those skills while walking literally hundreds of acres of longleaf pine woodlands. In that time I also got an eye for spotting plants and seeds that were just plain not right.</span><br />
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A typical stand of longleaf pine and wiregrass at <a href="http://www.fws.gov/refuge/carolina_sandhills/">Carolina Sandhills NWR</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The species that most piqued my curiosity was our native wiregrass (<i><a href="http://www.namethatplant.net/plantdetail.shtml?plant=2549">Aristida beyrichiana/stricta</a></i>). </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">What I started to notice was a black dust on the seeds and stems of plants along with swollen greenish-black seeds. Well, I asked around a bit and it didn't take long to find out what I was looking at. A smut fungus and possibly some powdery mildew. Now, a lot of folks had observed the smut on wiregrass in their longleaf stands, but nobody could tell me anything else about it. </span></div>
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A handful of wiregrass culms with evidence of smut.</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">We hope to change that very soon. Recently Dr. Joan Walker of the <a href="http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/longleaf/#">USFS's Southern Research Station</a> initiated a research project with Dr. Julia Kerrigan, an Associate Professor of mycology at <a href="http://www.clemson.edu/cafls/safes/">Clemson University</a>, to find out just what this smut is and where it exists.</span></div>
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Black powdery spots and streaks on wiregrass seed. </div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">We hit the ground running in October and our technician, Inga Meadows, has already visited a dozen properties across the Carolinas and into Georgia. This is an exciting new project that will hopefully shed some new light on wiregrass seed ecology and inform efforts to restore this important native grass to the groundlayer of longleaf pine forests.</span><br />
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A close-up of smut-infected wiregrass seed.</div>
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This infected seed will swell until it bursts open. </div>
Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-44622173857376779662014-09-09T08:54:00.003-07:002014-09-09T09:05:38.582-07:00Tracking phenology in our common gardens<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">TJ and I were back at our common gardens this past week observing the progression of flowering in our native species. Phenology is the study of cyclical biological events, such as flowering, in relation to climatic conditions. We collected data for <i>Pityopsis graminifolia</i>, <i>Solidago odora</i>, and <i>Lespedeza capitata</i> at each of our gardens. Enjoy these images of what we were observing without all the heat and humidity of summer field work in the South.</span><br />
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A <i>Pityopsis graminfolia</i> flower being pollinated by a visitor.</div>
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When buds initially form on <i>Pityopsis graminfolia</i> they are green, but they soon turn yellow as they mature and expand into a flower.</div>
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A seed head on <i>Pityopsis graminifolia.</i></div>
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One of our <i>Pityopsis graminifolia</i> plants showing the full progression of development from green buds to yellow buds to flowers to senesced flowers to seed heads.</div>
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A <i>Solidago odora</i> plant with green buds.</div>
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Yellow buds on a <i>Solidago odora</i> plant starting to expand into flowers.</div>
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Open flowers on a <i>Solidago</i> plant being pollinated.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe9vOFH-1fM8-xbhwOag6-m3Imkbhqkx4vggzSM5FK0wl5YwXiug-uAYNA-JdGW6nJ-o9Nxj5LD8DrgoH8FPmKycbMraKuTnNfNGeoCslNgMYruI1j4hFnRiUE8bNn1o8fuOzbB4tbCIkI/s1600/IMG_0779.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe9vOFH-1fM8-xbhwOag6-m3Imkbhqkx4vggzSM5FK0wl5YwXiug-uAYNA-JdGW6nJ-o9Nxj5LD8DrgoH8FPmKycbMraKuTnNfNGeoCslNgMYruI1j4hFnRiUE8bNn1o8fuOzbB4tbCIkI/s1600/IMG_0779.JPG" height="640" width="426" /></a></div>
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Green buds on <i>Lespedeza capitata</i>.</div>
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Flowers just starting to expand on one of our <i>Lespedeza</i> plants.</div>
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Clusters of open flowers on a <i>Lespedeza</i> plant. </div>
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Clusters of senesced flowers on a<i> Lespedeza</i> plant. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We also enjoyed a visit from Clemson University professor Dr. Saara DeWalt and her student Lucy at our Sandhill REC garden. They came out to collect leaf samples of <i>Tephrosia virginiana</i> for a genetic study to be conducted this fall. More details on that part of our project later.</span></div>
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Hand collecting leaf samples of <i>Tephrosia virginiana</i>. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-1705530011273092572014-08-05T12:19:00.001-07:002014-08-05T13:12:36.352-07:00Common Garden Update, July 2014<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">TJ and I were at our common gardens last week collecting data from 3 of our plant species. We did some vegetative measures and started tracking the progression of flowering and seeding for each of those plants. </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Thanks for all the help TJ, the gardens look good and most of our plants are thriving.</span><br />
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<i>Pityopsis graminifolia</i></div>
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<i>Solidago odora</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijxg1L39WKtQ0jtWDSs5Id7Cx7QqsQqZ9g6Jned9Cc_UGg7IuocLCPOKYC5odYEa1E5VqS3mywvpypP9S25Em_Il2eWQiUcHm2vJ8E4xegfAvQG0UImMQE8KfTu4sXsun9v0mCzBmL5pIT/s1600/IMG_4485.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijxg1L39WKtQ0jtWDSs5Id7Cx7QqsQqZ9g6Jned9Cc_UGg7IuocLCPOKYC5odYEa1E5VqS3mywvpypP9S25Em_Il2eWQiUcHm2vJ8E4xegfAvQG0UImMQE8KfTu4sXsun9v0mCzBmL5pIT/s1600/IMG_4485.JPG" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
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<i>Lespedeza capitata</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">And in honor of Dr. Seuss, here is our update:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Some are tall and some are short,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">but we measure each one no matter what sort.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgyF4u08hu8BgEnhgGhoBOAc_SxFbCy9_Iv8WNlixRcepjqQ3da4c_9tc4wzJKEbVYPDHRUZPIJYvKcEiz-qfb244Q4tB8IDIl_MS-n00ulnCNlfNbChsqtusNfy6Jty6xz_gev7uLRjxD/s1600/IMG_4510.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgyF4u08hu8BgEnhgGhoBOAc_SxFbCy9_Iv8WNlixRcepjqQ3da4c_9tc4wzJKEbVYPDHRUZPIJYvKcEiz-qfb244Q4tB8IDIl_MS-n00ulnCNlfNbChsqtusNfy6Jty6xz_gev7uLRjxD/s1600/IMG_4510.JPG" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
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Measuring the height of a <i>Pityopsis</i> plant.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There are skinny and fat,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">small plants and large, </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">compact or bushy I don't know who's in charge.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Some have flowers and some do not.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">We saw the whole range because we measured a lot.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Some are branchy and some are straight,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">and some are all twisty, twiny like a braid.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji75VLyf3zxIeyp9tn9yOGjOYR7cWUpAUPYpNk0cWBumNN-i8hyphenhyphenidQ2gwaAvvNSiW7-SsAc_xYwtBAn3KWBeWz87ZtvMIX7hFWpkkb2H9pLKR6V4zP-j7Eg2JEMgo6VT0vpZqGfZYk3Co6/s1600/IMG_4534.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji75VLyf3zxIeyp9tn9yOGjOYR7cWUpAUPYpNk0cWBumNN-i8hyphenhyphenidQ2gwaAvvNSiW7-SsAc_xYwtBAn3KWBeWz87ZtvMIX7hFWpkkb2H9pLKR6V4zP-j7Eg2JEMgo6VT0vpZqGfZYk3Co6/s1600/IMG_4534.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Twisted stems at the base of a <i>Solidago</i> plant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">We want to track them, just how they grow,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">the more data we collect, the more we can know.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia7wqOLyUBpKXLbNLvvZFeVZ58WMTORaP4U1VCu-SkgezoOaF7CszLqrDhS1EwAkeuwrtLlgQA77IoNJS8q8CGBqj-0ZbG7ziTRvtoqYeLNKxEAwKq3_GmxPfJpUr8XuYF7i_kbfMeochG/s1600/IMG_4505.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia7wqOLyUBpKXLbNLvvZFeVZ58WMTORaP4U1VCu-SkgezoOaF7CszLqrDhS1EwAkeuwrtLlgQA77IoNJS8q8CGBqj-0ZbG7ziTRvtoqYeLNKxEAwKq3_GmxPfJpUr8XuYF7i_kbfMeochG/s1600/IMG_4505.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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Some of our <i>Solidago</i> plants are growing sideways most likely because they are top heavy along with the windy conditions at our garden.</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Most are alive, but some are dead.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">We can't let that get us down, we just keep going ahead.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgDCuaiyoD5p1xjO6twtQfYQR4X_yOtckm1HoBAfOxnC1X9w3kbwaErdKoXNfAZsLfmBmzODnlrjt14ibJxLqp3nyoffBvAs3kSIiGuAG4iCwS1FYL2wNxn4N2MhDhWlPwuW_nC2xGB3U4/s1600/IMG_4486.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgDCuaiyoD5p1xjO6twtQfYQR4X_yOtckm1HoBAfOxnC1X9w3kbwaErdKoXNfAZsLfmBmzODnlrjt14ibJxLqp3nyoffBvAs3kSIiGuAG4iCwS1FYL2wNxn4N2MhDhWlPwuW_nC2xGB3U4/s1600/IMG_4486.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Several rows of <i>Pityopsis</i> plants, there a dead individual next to a couple plants that seem to be dying back.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We make careful notes about each plant, their size, and stage of flowering.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Does the plant have buds?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Are there flowers open?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Have the flowers been pollinated?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">These are just some of the things we are scopin'.</span></div>
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A flower bud on one of our <i>Pityopsis</i> plants.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPKazQFF5dWaEs96vowrFEEI03Xm99ikgpBl852bVn2KvehorXGTrHJFldFL39YPFBTB5uNuhBCIiJyFIRJDl4TsgrYBa7ffgJGPQR5zWj_nxFI5HD_TDsa_3hgbkgx8qijJf2M8dUunXV/s1600/IMG_4490.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPKazQFF5dWaEs96vowrFEEI03Xm99ikgpBl852bVn2KvehorXGTrHJFldFL39YPFBTB5uNuhBCIiJyFIRJDl4TsgrYBa7ffgJGPQR5zWj_nxFI5HD_TDsa_3hgbkgx8qijJf2M8dUunXV/s1600/IMG_4490.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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A <i>Pityopsis</i> plant showing the full progression of flowering, from green buds to seed.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOLRnigjcnVAyyuknT9DXrhZh_o2fBRBZHyS5KpECfx2lSr7Ql5hXIPGsY2Yyo_5B42wfZ0xtwBJ9ZtjlOVX01QPoSIppuyjvbdOfyOnv3-WhiElbRvY3RClPAVJ1qqNHiIaHo1sTR6XIZ/s1600/IMG_4519.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOLRnigjcnVAyyuknT9DXrhZh_o2fBRBZHyS5KpECfx2lSr7Ql5hXIPGsY2Yyo_5B42wfZ0xtwBJ9ZtjlOVX01QPoSIppuyjvbdOfyOnv3-WhiElbRvY3RClPAVJ1qqNHiIaHo1sTR6XIZ/s1600/IMG_4519.JPG" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
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The top of a <i>Lespedeza</i> plant with green buds starting to show.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcgc92ir9rNoRnbOu5bi7QMXZeBskSSlicUUub7ucEaxTZoQCQVDEaWiiQeACME5IOCfnUXChRlWnRZnh3K4iiDWHKV87V_yflauCJ1faJ42XQoo_N4DSEeZ19EBGodtvZLjcOXuh6Xs2x/s1600/IMG_4526.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcgc92ir9rNoRnbOu5bi7QMXZeBskSSlicUUub7ucEaxTZoQCQVDEaWiiQeACME5IOCfnUXChRlWnRZnh3K4iiDWHKV87V_yflauCJ1faJ42XQoo_N4DSEeZ19EBGodtvZLjcOXuh6Xs2x/s1600/IMG_4526.JPG" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
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The top of a <i>Solidago</i> plant with newly formed buds.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcL0HGqFoSy8AZwJrrQyHCmN9pSD007uasO4OaUF3PmDbgBPHWA2_RB92QswAMdSYI8lFkbPpM7onXWMew-K_W3xADjs0JcpXB1_BRbFhIAOBXwCp5H3Y1Bgql3VIpSMlpRzX7xUxdEQsD/s1600/IMG_4501.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcL0HGqFoSy8AZwJrrQyHCmN9pSD007uasO4OaUF3PmDbgBPHWA2_RB92QswAMdSYI8lFkbPpM7onXWMew-K_W3xADjs0JcpXB1_BRbFhIAOBXwCp5H3Y1Bgql3VIpSMlpRzX7xUxdEQsD/s1600/IMG_4501.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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A portion of a <i>Solidago</i> plant showing the full progression of flowering, from bud to seed.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">That my friends is called tracking phenology,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">we do that because we are crazy about biology!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We plan on measuring more plants in a hurry,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">until all the flowers have bloomed and seed has dispersed in a flurry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-15718404308248064482014-06-09T13:22:00.003-07:002014-06-10T07:41:11.473-07:00Spring time common garden update<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We have successfully planted 6 of our native species in all 3 of our common gardens! Two grasses (<i>Sorghastrum elliottii</i> and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>), two composites (<i>Pityopsis graminifolia</i> and <i>Solidago odora</i>), and two legumes (<i>Tephrosia virginiana</i> and <i>Lespedeza capitata</i>). Now, let's see if we can get them established. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It has been surprisingly difficult to go from this...</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK0GIHvEayxnbI8oNikx9eozna15AsQoruHeBkxt2RP6OkIqzT2qNIM0JOhCtGu-FCdU-BRhW9DH6Xu2oIxBXkxjV5hnXHnSaKEjYtfhoYlJApGcaLhqBKdaZrYoDgRF9ULrqZcz5N-Zzj/s1600/IMG_3759.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK0GIHvEayxnbI8oNikx9eozna15AsQoruHeBkxt2RP6OkIqzT2qNIM0JOhCtGu-FCdU-BRhW9DH6Xu2oIxBXkxjV5hnXHnSaKEjYtfhoYlJApGcaLhqBKdaZrYoDgRF9ULrqZcz5N-Zzj/s1600/IMG_3759.JPG" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
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Fabric, with irrigation, installed at Coastal REC in Charleston</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">to this...</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm9A1-0DaHMoHUHN4QlqEb0vpHGjNXbJlRa4K3dcg8hKSCxO9HJajp6dBMeonhiamtp4HDi_IQl53EiOcDo4666Nv549rEc3YV_VR68-FdvbwkfUcU5rV96ydJxtAFqhXDI98vxkEGXEV8/s1600/IMG_4168.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm9A1-0DaHMoHUHN4QlqEb0vpHGjNXbJlRa4K3dcg8hKSCxO9HJajp6dBMeonhiamtp4HDi_IQl53EiOcDo4666Nv549rEc3YV_VR68-FdvbwkfUcU5rV96ydJxtAFqhXDI98vxkEGXEV8/s1600/IMG_4168.JPG" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
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Planted <i>Solidago</i> after approximately 1 month at CREC.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">and this...</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG7lUIOprkVJhGqgVtzfSb2k1-XkKdny_UDijvE2bR0QDbYr4-FQ-8OZdHREtN2SM23Vb8cHDH4m3xPCwuWWu1VF449u3oHu9FOhUpijBT-Gf66KkdxkEiKOJbocukefrvIrWdjdRpIa7N/s1600/IMG_4170.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG7lUIOprkVJhGqgVtzfSb2k1-XkKdny_UDijvE2bR0QDbYr4-FQ-8OZdHREtN2SM23Vb8cHDH4m3xPCwuWWu1VF449u3oHu9FOhUpijBT-Gf66KkdxkEiKOJbocukefrvIrWdjdRpIa7N/s1600/IMG_4170.JPG" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Planted <i>Pityopsis</i> after approximately 1 month at CREC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Thus far, the grasses have only struggled along, but the composites are doing well at all of our gardens (as you can see above). We will have to wait and see how the legumes do since we just planted them.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM19Ds5Rqt_cUxaGdjezO2x9zy-HFBqDjzefypms44gXzTOA8FxtSLLmL4oZmBLoRoXOchDHgHNNAda21KG_1mddtJyD-o1JHC4E2npiY9YaOXNY9qSsP7cPzSKdxce01RjQXiSuRlMioa/s1600/IMG_4108.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM19Ds5Rqt_cUxaGdjezO2x9zy-HFBqDjzefypms44gXzTOA8FxtSLLmL4oZmBLoRoXOchDHgHNNAda21KG_1mddtJyD-o1JHC4E2npiY9YaOXNY9qSsP7cPzSKdxce01RjQXiSuRlMioa/s1600/IMG_4108.JPG" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
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<i>Sorghastrum</i> seedling at PDREC approximately 5 months old and just weeded.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Solidago</i> at PDREC after 2 months in the ground.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Pityopsis</i> at CREC after 2.5 months in the ground.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Tephrosia</i> planted May 14th at CREC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Lespedeza</i> planted May 29 at SREC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Weeding will probably be the most demanding chore during this establishment phase of our common garden study.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It may not always look like it, </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">but we do have seedlings under all those weeds.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Heat, humidity, wind, rain, and lightning are all expected hazards, but uninvited guests and freak storms are what keep us on our toes.</span></div>
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A black widow in the weeds at the base of one of our grass plants at SREC.</div>
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Damaged leaflets of a <i>Tephrosia</i> plant at SREC, most likely caused by a hail storm the previous evening.</div>
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We found teeth marks on this section of irrigation tubing at PDREC.</div>
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Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-37640709680984332352014-05-22T08:33:00.000-07:002014-05-22T13:43:00.905-07:00Pilot project producing native seed<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We have many partners working to find and produce ecologically suitable seed for native ecosystem restoration. This week, I met up with Vic Vankus of the <a href="http://www.nsl.fs.fed.us/">USFS National Seed Laboratory</a> to look at some small seed production plots at <a href="http://www.state.sc.us/forest/nur.htm">Taylor Nursery</a> planted in 2012. There is a lot of interest in the conservation and production of native seed and we are trying to learn as much as we can. This was a good opportunity to share some of that knowledge.</span><br />
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Coreopsis linifolia sprouting up under some old flower stalks.</div>
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Liatris spicata </div>
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Roots of Liatris spicata</div>
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Helianthus atrorubens</div>
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A particularly productive bed of Helianthus</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We also got to take a peak at the sowing of improved longleaf pine seed going on right now at the nursery. The folks at Taylor Nursery grow millions of tree seedlings every year! We have even contracted the growing of thousands of wiregrass plugs with them for restoration plantings in recent years.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> </span>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-52417204706209430642014-05-08T10:50:00.000-07:002014-05-08T11:16:48.370-07:00A time to plant...<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">"To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, a time to reap that which is planted" </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-King Solomon</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I think we have babied these "babies" long enough!</span><br />
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We had to try out several treatments before deciding which combination of scarification and soaking would work for each of our legume species. </div>
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<i>Lespedeza capitata</i> seed enduring a sanding treatment before soaking.</div>
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The first <i>Lespedeza capitata</i> germinants appear just days after planting.</div>
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<i>Lespedeza</i> seedlings almost ready for their roadtrip.</div>
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<i>Tephrosia virginiana</i> seeds soaking.</div>
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One of our first <i>Tephrosia</i> germinants just popping up in the cloud forest-like propagation room.</div>
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Examining <i>Tephrosia</i> leaves during a recent census of our seedlings.</div>
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We are taking these <i>Tephrosia</i> seedlings out next week to plant at the 3 common garden sites.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-34427183881938112652014-01-07T06:45:00.001-08:002014-01-07T06:45:21.687-08:00Our first plugs are in the ground!<span style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">After months of work collecting seed from numerous field sites, cleaning seed, testing seed, sowing seed and cultivating plants in the greenhouse, we were able to plant our first set of native grass plugs. During the month of November, Indiangrass (Sorghastrum elliottii) and Little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) were the first two species planted in our common gardens.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Indiangrass just getting started in our greenhouse.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;">Little bluestem growing in the greenhouse at Pee Dee REC.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;">Common garden at Sandhill REC in Columbia, SC.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;">Common garden at Pee Dee REC near Florence, SC.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;">Common garden at Coastal REC in Charleston, SC.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;">Torch assembly used for burning our planting holes.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;">Tucking our plugs into their new home.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;">Lining up irrigation with planting sites.</span></div>
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Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-34455984734685360652013-03-12T07:18:00.001-07:002013-03-14T06:06:44.028-07:00Transplanting an endangered species<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Harper’s Beauty (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harperocallis flava</i> McDaniel) is one of the rarest of Florida’s native plants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is listed as “endangered” under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and by the state of Florida. It is found in 3 panhandle Florida counties, but most of it is located on the Apalachicola National Forest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Harper’s Beauty occurs naturally in sedge bogs and in the edges of seepage-fed shrub bogs, which are maintained with regular prescribed burning;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>however, a large number of plants occupy a busy highway right-of-way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Regular mowing has resulted in persistence of the roadside population through decades, but they are exposed to uncontrollable effects of traffic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">We are working with partners in the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Florida Department of Transportation, Florida Natural Areas Inventory, and National Forests in Florida to develop protocols for moving Harper’s Beauty from vulnerable roadside to more secure Forest Service habitats.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Flags mark a population of Harper's Beauty along the highway.</div>
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Can you pick them out? Even with the help of these flags it is diffcult to correctly identify the leaves of this cousin of the lilies.</div>
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Harper's Beauty is much more easily identified when it is in flower. (photo taken last spring)<br />
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Plants to be moved were first marked with a 10cm (4 inch) paper ring...<br />
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and then dug by hand.</div>
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A dug plug!<br />
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Plugs were tagged and wrapped in newspaper for transport.<br />
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Plants awaiting planting.<br />
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Planting grids were set in what we think will be suitable habitat. Planting spots were marked with flags.<br />
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We counted and measured shoots in each Harper's Beauty plug.<br />
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(Jason) Planting!<br />
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Our friends from National Forests in Florida and Florida Natural Areas Inventory helped us tuck them into their new homes. Thank you volunteers!</div>
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Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-81943198908065313712012-06-21T07:25:00.003-07:002012-07-10T08:16:20.981-07:00Native Seed ProjectWe have recently finished sowing 4 of our native seed collections into seedling trays! There are just over 400 trays undergoing a stratification treatment at Pee Dee REC.<br />
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As you can see below, we still have a few gaps to fill before our next round of seed sowing.<br />
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We recently received <em>Sorghastrum elliottii</em> that was collected at Francis Marion NF, so that fills a big MAC gap for that species. Thanks Robin and Vic! Our most pressing needs are for <em>Lespedeza capitata</em>, <em>Tephrosia virginiana</em>, and <em>Liatris pilosa</em> from the SAC. Please let us know when you see those species beginning to set seed.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDJ2X15t0O5gjXsRPzuIsQt81aZqO0bR9pc6FVFAxKLVYn0aGKr-emB4YPNQ-Hpjn0OscNikg9uSVIY7ziiFKBpFVZjgzytKD3FNMvg8L_AiHSxrUbffIH1WZlub_71oCcxKbFPEIT9yfp/s1600/Seed_collection_areas_labeled_5-17-12_update.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="484" rca="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDJ2X15t0O5gjXsRPzuIsQt81aZqO0bR9pc6FVFAxKLVYn0aGKr-emB4YPNQ-Hpjn0OscNikg9uSVIY7ziiFKBpFVZjgzytKD3FNMvg8L_AiHSxrUbffIH1WZlub_71oCcxKbFPEIT9yfp/s640/Seed_collection_areas_labeled_5-17-12_update.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-87642690861760066322012-05-09T09:48:00.001-07:002012-05-10T10:05:23.619-07:00From One Forest to Another<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">From One Forest to Another</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">by Huifeng Hu and Bryan Mudder</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunrise in the loblolly pine forest where our replicated field experiment was located. Photo by Bryan Mudder</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Federal land managers across the country are being asked to provide more and more resources on fewer and fewer acres. Timber and fiber production, clean air, clean water, and habitat for increasing numbers of endangered species are just some of the benefits these lands are expected to produce sustainably <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad infinitum</i>.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Natural resource managers at Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base in North Carolina have realized that restoring longleaf pine forests and their associated native plant communities will help to meet this steadily increasing list of resource demands. Currently, many of the base’s upland forest stands are composed of mature loblolly pine and are home to recovering populations of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker. Compared to longleaf pines, loblolly pine trees are considered “off-site” in these sandy, well-drained soils, but none-the-less do very well at producing the timber and fiber that are harvested at regular intervals. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Forest Gentrification</span></b><br /><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">So, how will longleaf pine be restored to the site?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though the site’s red-cockaded woodpeckers would prefer stands of native, longleaf pine over the current stands of loblolly, conversion will not be easy, since their current loblolly homes will have to be cut down. Changing from one forest to another without adversely affecting the successful recovery of an endangered species is a bit like re-modeling a kitchen without upsetting the busy chef. Careful consideration for retaining habitat features and ecosystem function must be made.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">To this end, the military called on Forest Service scientists and Clemson University researchers to develop protocols for restoring longleaf pine and its characteristic native plant community in already established loblolly pine stands at Camp Lejeune. This 3-year study was conducted in the moderately well- and well-drained soils of Onslow County, North Carolina. What are optimal <a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/forestmanagement/silviculture/index.shtml"><span style="color: purple;">silvicultural</span></a> practices for restoring longleaf pine and its related herbaceous dominated understory structure within loblolly pine stands? </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLVlQhlfLitns1OJiZfJ72QbS0dm25wgShoe0oXHF7o3nTZMdZl8KyNnWjWZv_pb1RGDuCgW0jk4Poylj5o7wPSB9ZWTPSklSxJ6T5DB0vK06qva6Imkmzq9h_UFqOysYxGwY6WBdD2x9q/s1600/Camp+Lejeune.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLVlQhlfLitns1OJiZfJ72QbS0dm25wgShoe0oXHF7o3nTZMdZl8KyNnWjWZv_pb1RGDuCgW0jk4Poylj5o7wPSB9ZWTPSklSxJ6T5DB0vK06qva6Imkmzq9h_UFqOysYxGwY6WBdD2x9q/s640/Camp+Lejeune.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Study site Camp Lejuene, NC</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Dr. Geoff Wang recruited Huifeng Hu, a graduate of the </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Research Center</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> for Eco-Environmental Sciences,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China as a Ph. D student to conduct this aspect of the research. Hu came to the United States in August 2006 under a student visa and only had a few months to get oriented in South Carolina before hitting the books at Clemson University. Once Hu had a few classes under his belt, Forest Service scientist Dr. Joan Walker, sent him out with her crew for immersion into the field setting.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Huifeng in the field 2007. Photo by Zhiping Wang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The Onslow County Study</span></b><br /><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The researchers set out 3 objectives for their study:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1) to quantify canopy treatment effects on the survival and growth of planted longleaf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pine seedlings, ground-layer vegetation composition and structure, and plant resources. </span><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2) to quantify cultural treatment effects on the survival and growth of planted longleaf pine </span><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seedlings, ground-layer vegetation composition and structure, and plant resources.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3) to determine the relationships between mortality and growth of planted longleaf pine </span><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seedlings and plant resources.</span></span> <br />
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The researchers conducted a replicated field experiment from summer 2006 through fall 2010 (Table 1) to test the effects of two levels of silvicultural treatments on understory plants and selected resources that they depend on for life. These two levels involve the overstory layer where we applied "canopy" treatments and the understory layer where we applied "cultural" treatments. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Table 1: Time-line for Camp Lejeune field experiment</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"> Activity</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Aug. 2006 to Jan. 2007</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"> Plot selection and layout</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Feb. to May 2007</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"> Harvest canopy trees</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Jul. to Sep. 2007</span></div>
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S<span style="color: black;">ite preparation by mechanical mowing and prescribed fires </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"> then measuring plot characteristics with DBH and species</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Dec. 2007</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"> Planting longleaf pine seedlings by hand</span></div>
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May to Oct. 2008</div>
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<span style="color: black;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Annual measurements of seedling growth and mortality </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"> and environmental factors</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; height: 15pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in;" valign="bottom"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<span style="color: black;">Oct. 2008</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"> Applying herbicide cultural treatment</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; height: 15pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in;" valign="bottom"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;">May 2009</span></div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; height: 15pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in;" valign="bottom"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"> Applying fertilizer cultural treatment</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; height: 15pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in;" valign="bottom"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;">May to Oct. 2009</span></div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; height: 15pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in;" valign="bottom"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: black;"> Annual measurements of seedling growth and mortality</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"> and environmental factors</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; height: 15pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in;" valign="bottom"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<span style="color: black;">Jan. to Mar. 2010</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"> Prescribed burning in the field based on local management</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; height: 15pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in;" valign="bottom"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;">May to Oct. 2010</span></div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; height: 15pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in;" valign="bottom"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: black;"> Annual measurements of seedling growth and mortality </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"> and environmental factors</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Canopy treatments were applied to loblolly pine stands of similar age and size defined by a target residual basal area. Basal area refers to the amount of space, expressed in square meters, taken up by trees on a given hectare of land. A spectrum of treatment levels were used from “dense”, control (no treatment) plots to “medium” basal area, to “low” basal area, to “no canopy” at all in the clearcuts. Single trees were removed from each stand to achieve uniform canopies. Three circular gap treatments containing openings of targeted size were also used. Large, medium, and small gaps as described below. </span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJcw6yioRbkBO6xS6v4gq7yPjNtqD02sPmqy3Go0qql0Dl0243SDFIXETS8MgMeQGyurU1lOU75kzLxpBGycPYHquRMaYbveCpXM-mrOZj5g807b6cbTRsI5HOCxNzMLN4wP6jgXwfeXzC/s1600/Canopy+treatment.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="403" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJcw6yioRbkBO6xS6v4gq7yPjNtqD02sPmqy3Go0qql0Dl0243SDFIXETS8MgMeQGyurU1lOU75kzLxpBGycPYHquRMaYbveCpXM-mrOZj5g807b6cbTRsI5HOCxNzMLN4wP6jgXwfeXzC/s640/Canopy+treatment.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Four uniform canopy treatments (left) from dense to open and three sizes of gap canopy treatments (right)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Within each canopy treatment, three cultural treatments were applied including “no treatment”, “herbicide”, and “herbicide with fertilizer”.</span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKg-nERpYoJOCC0paNrwuFErkFeQZXT_n38KqFf2Jvbz-SwR4eSN3pKxfZB6OvmYAS3tpDM2M8v-zCBzBSpsJo-VaGKzeEOmwBEeCuOQHu3ke6kbZN0SeUAzfXF1KevzpNxTtKPv-Zo6c7/s1600/Cultural+treatment.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKg-nERpYoJOCC0paNrwuFErkFeQZXT_n38KqFf2Jvbz-SwR4eSN3pKxfZB6OvmYAS3tpDM2M8v-zCBzBSpsJo-VaGKzeEOmwBEeCuOQHu3ke6kbZN0SeUAzfXF1KevzpNxTtKPv-Zo6c7/s640/Cultural+treatment.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Three cultural treatments applied as square sub-plots (left) or as linear sub-plots (right) </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Results</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Among uniform plots, the effect of canopy and cultural treatments on longleaf pine seedlings over the course of three growing seasons was varied and requires some explanation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The metrics used were survival (the seedling is alive or dead) and root collar diameter. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU6vXbbT0L26abIPaU8ZbTli-KuIjj1O-h7LL2gnlU_CexgGxoogXKd6iIYA24UIw5Ttd_uGCbLlrGnCT1zJSZHB3c0xbDyBj8L5SQ9pSjy0FKNlHaXSp8hV1ydFos9WLLfLup-MH_2zpB/s1600/DigiCalipersLLP.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="378" lda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU6vXbbT0L26abIPaU8ZbTli-KuIjj1O-h7LL2gnlU_CexgGxoogXKd6iIYA24UIw5Ttd_uGCbLlrGnCT1zJSZHB3c0xbDyBj8L5SQ9pSjy0FKNlHaXSp8hV1ydFos9WLLfLup-MH_2zpB/s400/DigiCalipersLLP.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">The root collar is measured at the base of a seedling at soil level with digital calipers and is an important metric associated with the health and vigor of an individual. Photo by Ben Knapp</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The “dense” canopy treatment plots, especially with “no cultural treatment”, seemed to have the least vigorous seedlings (according to root collar measurements) along with low survival.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The “no canopy” treatment plots (associated with “fertilizer + herbicide” cultural treatment plots) had the largest root collar diameters and the best survival, thus the healthiest individual longleaf pine seedlings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The “no canopy”, “medium”, and “low” canopy treatments all had significantly more seedlings in height growth than the “dense” treatment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic4h4s0ziaxWHA5hCPIgJDP8DNU45hy8Ic863Nz7SVeEs7RFuck8zOjQ6AS3-N_mL0TJ5AOOYhiBZzTyH5L43qmVoTYZnqwGSeta7rV8Gm9HgX11gvtZD7Maj9TByily_5-yoUjYEHDuI8/s1600/DSCN6240.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic4h4s0ziaxWHA5hCPIgJDP8DNU45hy8Ic863Nz7SVeEs7RFuck8zOjQ6AS3-N_mL0TJ5AOOYhiBZzTyH5L43qmVoTYZnqwGSeta7rV8Gm9HgX11gvtZD7Maj9TByily_5-yoUjYEHDuI8/s640/DSCN6240.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Longleaf pine seedlings have a unique adaptation, called a grass stage, that allows seedlings to invest energy and resources into the growth of an extensive root system while the bud and needles aboveground appear grass-like. Photo by Huifeng Hu Februray 2009</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKWQsGPvHrwtfGTbfUp1naqZTZilJyrj3U8UlYAO7YUA_eFnp2N7eDF1aRfq9HTFI7hoSfLoBEp4N8b40mBYaPkK7eTMkub32pL68Hf_6IEb14r4SxeA89vKw0YbVHhEcAKP_3YzOh26N/s1600/EU22marburnseedling.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" lda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKWQsGPvHrwtfGTbfUp1naqZTZilJyrj3U8UlYAO7YUA_eFnp2N7eDF1aRfq9HTFI7hoSfLoBEp4N8b40mBYaPkK7eTMkub32pL68Hf_6IEb14r4SxeA89vKw0YbVHhEcAKP_3YzOh26N/s640/EU22marburnseedling.JPG" width="480" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"> This adaptation is thought to help seedlings recover quickly from the relatively frequent fires occurring in the ecosystem, then outcompete neighboring plants by a sudden spurt of height growth. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Photo by Bryan Mudder</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Based on these results, it would seem that “no canopy” treatment is the silvicultural protocol best suited to restore longleaf pine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But when associated with a “fertilizer + herbicide” cultural treatment the “no canopy” treatment plots had the greatest cover of woody, herbaceous, and graminoid (grasses and grass-like plants) vegetation groups and highest density of loblolly pine seedlings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such a competitive environment would not favor longleaf pine seedlings at all. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht-s9NfQnGTrUZp_F_xW0uN_LsDl6NgB9-0IqjuUNW3lJV3ZSOU5CNzHgsOKIDlEE6cMq3haQsJEIP0LztHFBJANZJcuf7WG9iQkh0YLYSt2rAnNNgNslgUTKm1ewDaddY0Oxeg6zt4Xnn/s1600/DSCN6242.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht-s9NfQnGTrUZp_F_xW0uN_LsDl6NgB9-0IqjuUNW3lJV3ZSOU5CNzHgsOKIDlEE6cMq3haQsJEIP0LztHFBJANZJcuf7WG9iQkh0YLYSt2rAnNNgNslgUTKm1ewDaddY0Oxeg6zt4Xnn/s640/DSCN6242.JPG" width="640" /></a></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">N<span style="line-height: 115%;">atural loblolly pine regeneration is a major competitor with planted longleaf pine seedlings. As many as 10,000 loblolly pine seedlings per acre appear in our stand soon after canopy removal. Photo by Huifeng Hu </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Februray 2009</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqfXWipyeXyONC032d7VqyPWrrF5trTOh9O72c3_-z_2oAPB_B0JFzVNHtMMOBQj_zsgp_7hn-2FQKyAT7C1yfSCmqtuRDo-kv10huekGS3hwCSQlAgHWmYUBzXTYQXpg3T4Z0LOYSdsZf/s1600/IMG_0778.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqfXWipyeXyONC032d7VqyPWrrF5trTOh9O72c3_-z_2oAPB_B0JFzVNHtMMOBQj_zsgp_7hn-2FQKyAT7C1yfSCmqtuRDo-kv10huekGS3hwCSQlAgHWmYUBzXTYQXpg3T4Z0LOYSdsZf/s640/IMG_0778.jpg" width="640" yda="true" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">There is so much diversity in these systems that it is not possible to measure every individual plant. We organized plants into functional groups using biological and physically descriptive traits, then estimated the amount of area, or cover, each of those groups take up within measurement plots (above). Photo by Bryan Mudder </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Among the three circular gap treatments, size of gap did not affect survival or growth of planted longleaf pine seedlings, abundance of ground layer vegetation, or the density of midstory woody plants after the first three growing seasons. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The position of a given seedling within a gap did significantly affect individual growth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This means that a seedling located in the center of the gap was likely to be larger and taller than a seedling located on the edge of a gap.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both gap size and within-gap position significantly affected gap light index but did not affect surface soil moisture or soil temperature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHZ90MZLU9GxNlfMOHuMAAfNxqqpegLgCUK1OifCShIE4SKBsPqws9Lg-0xDp5fOITE_60C3mNkSKhcV0wu5XxbT8l0Cc3edmyvBdaFdXan4PZaUCPCMsagtm-j9J0srV_yacpVTw4IUUG/s1600/IMG_0137.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHZ90MZLU9GxNlfMOHuMAAfNxqqpegLgCUK1OifCShIE4SKBsPqws9Lg-0xDp5fOITE_60C3mNkSKhcV0wu5XxbT8l0Cc3edmyvBdaFdXan4PZaUCPCMsagtm-j9J0srV_yacpVTw4IUUG/s640/IMG_0137.jpg" width="640" yda="true" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">Huifeng measures pre-dawn water potential with a Nitrogen gas chamber. Photo Bryan Mudder</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Although within-gap position did affect phosphorous and potassium concentrations in longleaf pine seedling needles, these effects showed neither consistency over the two years, nor followed any expected pattern of change (i.e., higher closer to the center of a gap or lower at the edge of a gap).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our results supported the hypothesis of light limitation on seedling growth in gaps [<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">this hypothesis is that longleaf pine regeneration in canopy gaps is limited by competition for light].</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimBMSi5swMbdBh_p5MJCQilTQ56qz2YIolwIfoKRH3fASpL9NGyL02WPRmlBFIfQ9yMwn1GGKn6GZ-D-1dx-z9cQRPkZJgVRLiruquIRIxEKMLKeaocNFln1L-e0GDGPH7IywTw9dNtQw5/s1600/B7_Plot1_CA_IMG_2207_1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimBMSi5swMbdBh_p5MJCQilTQ56qz2YIolwIfoKRH3fASpL9NGyL02WPRmlBFIfQ9yMwn1GGKn6GZ-D-1dx-z9cQRPkZJgVRLiruquIRIxEKMLKeaocNFln1L-e0GDGPH7IywTw9dNtQw5/s640/B7_Plot1_CA_IMG_2207_1.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Light is the most important limiting factor for the survival and growth of planted longleaf pine seedlings. A dense canopy will only allow a samll amount of light through the canopy. Photo by Huifeng Hu</span> December 2007</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The canopy treatments did not affect species richness <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(species richness is defined by the total number of species counted in an area regardless of abundance),</span> but where herbicide was applied an effect on species richness was detected, especially for woody species richness. Using the non-metric multidimensional scaling (one common method to analyze the similarity among vegetation plots) and multi-response permutation procedure (one common method to analyze the difference in vegetation structure among different groups), we found that variation in the understory vegetation can be best explained by soil characteristics, especially soil texture, rather than any experimental treatments.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The gap light index differed among the four uniform canopy treatments, increasing with decreasing basal area, meaning as more mature stems are removed more light is allowed to enter the forest floor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Herbicide” plots showed higher soil temperatures in both 2009 and 2010.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron in longleaf pine seedling needles significantly increased after the prescribed fire of January 2010, while foliar concentrations of nitrogen, copper, and sodium significantly decreased.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The effects of canopy and cultural treatments on foliar nutrients of longleaf pine seedlings were not consistent over the two year measurement period. The root collar diameter of longleaf pine seedlings increased with higher gap light index and higher concentrations of foliar phosphorous, calcium, and zinc, but decreased with higher soil temperatures. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhST4NIaH0O4KIgmslbsUm6xyOGTnAc9DuqBCUZNJ9fRf2NP0qXTHh0AMCBQaZAFuuXiGN0EtR-mWO0Y3axz6agQxeN9lv2XOqdIqoHkPkUUmk-23NB7lRihFtESsyFeo0KUUvR1XhqzMVo/s1600/IMG_0180.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhST4NIaH0O4KIgmslbsUm6xyOGTnAc9DuqBCUZNJ9fRf2NP0qXTHh0AMCBQaZAFuuXiGN0EtR-mWO0Y3axz6agQxeN9lv2XOqdIqoHkPkUUmk-23NB7lRihFtESsyFeo0KUUvR1XhqzMVo/s640/IMG_0180.jpg" width="640" yda="true" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunset in a longleaf pine forest. Photo by Bryan Mudder</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Longleaf pine (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pinus palustris</i> Mill.) historically dominated forests on the southern Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, with its presettlement range occupying 37 million hectares from the border of Texas and Louisiana eastward to the Atlantic Ocean, and from the middle of Florida northward into Virginia (Frost, 2006).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The widespread range of the species was largely attributed to the high frequency, low intensity surface fire regime that occurred throughout this region (Frost, 2006).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnVloBOWqttzRLMOsqniYwLRin1p3CaBcQDMGyggckCM3uHRua6CoJ869dwnHJRJ_T_urigs6n9KhIcsLnkcrbdKvpCVsehUi2D97oErlzbr9jMcX3RzjUAx2soFepzHkEvQFYPrggqHGq/s1600/range-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnVloBOWqttzRLMOsqniYwLRin1p3CaBcQDMGyggckCM3uHRua6CoJ869dwnHJRJ_T_urigs6n9KhIcsLnkcrbdKvpCVsehUi2D97oErlzbr9jMcX3RzjUAx2soFepzHkEvQFYPrggqHGq/s640/range-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">As a result of logging, the expansion of agriculture and developed land, the introduction of more vigorous pine species [e.g., loblolly pine (LBP; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">P. taeda</i> L.)], and fire suppression, the extent of the LLP ecosystem has greatly declined since European settlement (Wahlenberg, 1946; Frost, 2006).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Currently, fragmented LLP stands are scattered across the southeastern landscape, on approximately 2.2% (or 1 million hectares) of the original acreage (Frost, 2006). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, there is an increased interest in restoring areas that have been converted to other forest types or farmland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The impressive diversity and large number of rare species found in this ecosystem provide ecological significance for restoration (Knapp, 2005).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, LLP has several well-known economic and silvicultural benefits: high quality products; fire tolerance; insect and disease resistance; wind firmness; the ability to grow and thrive on harsh sites; and the ability to respond to thinning at virtually any time in its long life (Johnson and Gjerstad, 2006). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Conclusions</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">After completing the field experiment we found that the "no canopy" treatment, resulted in the best survival and growth of longleaf pine seedlings during our 3 growing seasons. Removing the entire canopy allows for the most light, but also allows for the most competition, especially that of natural loblolly pine regeneration. This silivcultural technique might be feasible to convert loblolly pine stands into longleaf pine forest when canopy retention is not a management objective. </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Of the other canopy treatments, "medium" basal area, "low" basal area, and the "small gap" treatment are the best options for converting loblolly pine to longleaf pine while retaining a mature canopy. Application of an herbicide increased the growth of planted longleaf pine seedlings, but results varied based on canopy treatments. The "herbicide+fertilizer" cultural treatment also increased the growth of planted longleaf pine seedlings, but at the same time stimulated growth in the seedlings of natural loblolly regeneration. </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Light was the single most important environmental factor affecting survival and growth of seedlings in our experiment. Land managers (public and private) interested in planting longleaf pine seedlings or converting stands into longleaf pine forest on similar soils should consider our findings and incorporate these silvicultural protocols into their management. </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">For more information see the <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112712001971">full article</a> in Forest Ecology and Management.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Acknowledgements</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong></strong></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">USDA Forest Service </span></span><a href="http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/index.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">SRS</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> (</span><a href="http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/longleaf/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Restoring and Managing Longleaf Pine</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">) </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.lejeune.usmc.mil/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Camp Lejeune Marine Base</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://people.clemson.edu/~gwang/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Clemson University Silviculture and Ecology Lab</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Funding for this project was provided by the </span><a href="http://www.serdp.org/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> (SERDP) sponsored by the </span><a href="http://www.defense.gov/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Department of Defense</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> (DoD), </span><a href="http://energy.gov/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Department of Energy</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> (DoE), and </span><a href="http://www.epa.gov/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Environmental Protection Agency</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> (EPA) (SI-1474: Managing declining pine stands for the restoration of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The authors would like to thank following field technicians for assistance with data collection: Seth Cook, K. Hunter Leary, Joe Ledvina, Bryan Mudder, Erik Pearson, Shawna Reid, </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lindsay Stewart, Carsyn Tennant, and Evelyn Wenk . </span></div>
</div>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-42489885035222542332012-04-27T08:11:00.000-07:002012-04-27T08:11:05.490-07:00Long live longleaf pine...<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">I just returned from visiting <span style="color: black;">S</span>tate <span style="color: black;">F</span>orests in North <span style="color: black;">Carolina </span>and South Carolina that are part of our <span style="color: black;">R</span>egional <span style="color: black;">L</span>ongleaf <span style="color: black;">P</span>ine <span style="color: black;">C</span>one <span style="color: black;">P</span>roduction <span style="color: black;">Study</span>. <a href="http://www.state.sc.us/forest/refshill.htm">Sandhills State Forest</a> is in Chesterfield and Darlington counties of SC and <a href="http://www.stateparks.com/bladen_lakes.html?">Bladen Lakes State Forest</a> is located just northeast of Lumberton, NC. This is the 47th <span style="color: black;">monitoring </span>year of this <span style="color: black;">work,</span> which was initiated by Bill Boyer and is now co<span style="color: black;">ordinated</span> by <a href="http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/longleaf/">Dale Brockway</a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Longleaf pine (<i>Pinus palustris</i>) is monoecious <span style="color: black;">(i.e., </span>“one house”<span style="color: black;">)</span>, which means that both male and female strobili reside on the same tree. The male strobili, called catkins, produce all that wonderful pollen we see in the spring-time and are generally found in the lower portion of the tree crown. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh91YebUCcYhCM0361FmV9iOS_2s3EslwDUsHFr0lmlfIZaLjHC4KJn8SFbIpmn37SW4xV93w5n6UZ-bTCj7vtSuEIVI1mL_fUk54GIsdZD0aRLw-TvDrT4p9fpQvCTGoxxyOtaSDR9FxXX/s1600/MaleStrobili-4178026.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" oda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh91YebUCcYhCM0361FmV9iOS_2s3EslwDUsHFr0lmlfIZaLjHC4KJn8SFbIpmn37SW4xV93w5n6UZ-bTCj7vtSuEIVI1mL_fUk54GIsdZD0aRLw-TvDrT4p9fpQvCTGoxxyOtaSDR9FxXX/s400/MaleStrobili-4178026.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Male strobili</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo courtesy of </span><a href="http://www.forestryimages.org/"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Forestry Images</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The female strobili are <span style="color: black;">initially </span>called <span style="color: black;">flowers (then </span>conelets<span style="color: black;"> during the following spring and mature cones by the fall),</span> are generally found in the upper portion of the tree crown. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Female strobili</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo courtesy of </span><a href="http://www.forestryimages.org/"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Forestry Images</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Conelets turn into the seed-bearing cones<span style="color: black;">,</span> synonymous with members of the Pinaceae family<span style="color: black;">, and typically shed their seed during October</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Conelets</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo courtesy of </span><a href="http://www.forestryimages.org/"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Forestry Images</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">During our survey, we count the number of female <span style="color: black;">flowers</span> (<span style="color: black;">newly pollinated but undeveloped small </span>conelets), conelets (<span style="color: black;">pollinated</span> <span style="color: black;">about one year earlier and developed into large “green cones”</span>), and <span style="color: black;">brown </span>cones currently on the tree<span style="color: black;"> (that shed their seed during the previous fall)</span>. The female strobili emerge during January/February and are pollinated during the infamous spring pollen flush that occurs between late-February and April. Those strobili are now pollinated, but don’t become conelets until the following spring when fertilization occurs. Those conelets then become seed-bearing cones, maturing during mid-September and mid-October.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black;">Cone count data from ten widely-dispersed locations in the Southern Region </span>are <span style="color: black;">compiled and then </span>assembled <span style="color: black;">into a report that forecasts the</span> <span style="color: black;">longleaf pine </span>cone crop for each state and for the region. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In the past, landowners and land managers had trouble naturally regenerating longleaf pine<span style="color: black;">,</span> because of what was thought to be erratic seed production. Through research, we now know that longleaf cone crops are highly variable from year to year because of the interaction of many <span style="color: black;">physical and biological </span>variables. The longleaf pine cone production survey helps predict when a good or poor <span style="color: black;">seed </span>year is coming<span style="color: black;">. This alerts forest managers so they can </span>be prepared<span style="color: black;"> to implement site-preparation treatments when more seeds are likely to fall on a receptive seedbed.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black;">For more information on longleaf pine ecosystems, please see our <a href="http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/longleaf/brochures.html">research page</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-56960368711142251852012-04-20T10:00:00.001-07:002012-04-23T06:32:32.463-07:00Big Time at Brosnan Forest!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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We were invited by Norfolk Southern Railway to give a presentation on the amazing biodiversity in the ground-layer of longleaf pine forests. Thanks to all those at Brosnan Forest who made this wonderful trip possible. The field tour was packed full of interesting information.<br />
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We were able to share a good bit of the longleaf pine story with an audience new to the subject. Longleaf pine forests are special places! We illustrated the incredibly high diversity of species with a set of nested plots, then talked about endemic plants, and the important role fire has in these forest systems.<br />
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Just another beautiful day in the woods!</div>
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"The <a href="http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/pinus/palustris.htm"><span style="color: purple;">land of the longleaf pine</span></a> is a land of great beauty... swaggering over the Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia to eastern Texas...Yet little is left of the longleaf pine ecosystem today: only 1.4% of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains still support longleaf, compared to 60% in presettlement times. By 1996 only 2.95 million acres of longleaf remained out of the original 92 million acres ... Almost all of the old-growth forest is gone ... By any measure, longleaf's decline of nearly 98% is among the most severe of any ecosystem on earth. It dwarf's the Amazon rain forest's losses of somewhere between 13% and 25%. It is comparable to or exceeds the decline in the North American tallgrass prairie, the coastal forest of Brazil, and the dry forests of the Pacific Coast of Central America." <br />
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-from <u>Looking for Longleaf: The Fall and Rise of an American Forest</u> by Lawrence S. Earley</div>
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</div>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-47824174968485611392012-04-09T07:48:00.001-07:002012-04-09T16:12:50.363-07:00Monitoring Ramps PopulationsWe just enjoyed another week in the mountian coves of western North Carolina...<br />
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One of our many sampling transects...<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">A time lapse of Rod and I sampling an entire plot...</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="535" mozallowfullscreen="" src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/40014221?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="400"></iframe></div>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-33210213794029039382012-03-26T17:39:00.000-07:002012-03-26T17:39:20.610-07:00In Abundance or In Trouble?<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In Abundance or In Trouble? </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">11 years of monitoring ramps populations </span></div><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>Article and photographs by Bryan Mudder</em></span> </span><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Since 2000, Joan Walker, research plant ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service </span><a href="http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Southern Research Station</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> has been monitoring populations of ramps (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Allium tricoccum</i>) in the mountain coves of western North Carolina.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes referred to as wild leeks, these perennial plants are among the first spring ephemerals to emerge during March and April.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After a hard winter in the mountains, with food stores running low, you can just imagine what a treat these fresh ‘greens’ would have been to both Native Americans and settlers living throughout this region in years past.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With their electric green leaves, plump, white bulb, and distinct odor – think freshly peeled onion overcome by just-minced garlic – ramps are easy to distinguish from other early arrivers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today, locals still harvest ramps for food, medicinal preparations, and to sell at markets at spring festivals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the spring you’re apt to see ramps on the menus of fine restaurants across the East.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWztTyIsAYLCzSPLB5fuq1-KU2GSEtUmiuKQZzcI3iCmQBR1wMdoTQ4NzLcuXbMc1cuctluLgPIQOpvjW4hdWdDsRAIypjg28-EziwyUJiYOAtBd2XaUZYjIKNQcdJzFCglyrNYVf1g3jo/s1600/IMG_1295.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img aea="true" border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWztTyIsAYLCzSPLB5fuq1-KU2GSEtUmiuKQZzcI3iCmQBR1wMdoTQ4NzLcuXbMc1cuctluLgPIQOpvjW4hdWdDsRAIypjg28-EziwyUJiYOAtBd2XaUZYjIKNQcdJzFCglyrNYVf1g3jo/s640/IMG_1295.jpg" width="480" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">National Forests are responsible for promoting and maintaining biological diversity in order to sustainably deliver the valuable ecosystem services we all need.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These include clean air, clean water, healthy soil, abundant wood, recreational opportunities and other commodities that include herbs and edible plants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the mid-1990’s, concern was raised about overharvesting ramps in Canada (their northern range), where they’ve been since designated a vulnerable species and are no longer available for commercial sale.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Concerns about harvesting effects in the southern range (north GA, AL, and western NC) prompted Walker’s monitoring study, which investigates the distribution and size of ramps populations in two areas of the Nantahala National Forest in western North Carolina.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the popularity of these plants, relatively little is known about the abundance, density, and distribution of ramps in this area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> The goal of our monitoring project is to track these ramps populations over time and determine whether they’ve been adversely affected by local harvesting, all in the interest of conserving this important species for future generations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I started working on the project in 2007 as a biological science technician continuing the data collection effort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have 25 plots consisting of a central transect - 50 to 100 meters in length - with perpendicular sampling transects - each 10 meters in length - extending along either side at randomly determined distances.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The plots are distributed between 3500 feet and 5000 feet in elevation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We quantify ramps cover, stem density, and soil disturbance using a line intercept technique.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For 11 years now, these same plots and transects have been carefully measured.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The following is a series of photos associated with our sampling transects taken every year during the monitoring study from a sub-plot 0.5m X 0.5m in size.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> In the years 2000, 2001, and 2005 some digging and/or harvesting occurred in a portion of our photo plot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bare mineral soil is exposed in the center and upper right portion of the plot.</span><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLHBDq2nk5l9Bv8fFPHHW8KkEFN-U1uVqK2EVyCQ6TaMYleM96da5moAf0BHA6oK_eXB5YC56i6ZXAFNgSgID7-Vqv_1oGXuwidKviYFldSmgwVcN66L0_1V1LkGtkhkxlat_HiO8UF3KI/s1600/931_1323_00.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img aea="true" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLHBDq2nk5l9Bv8fFPHHW8KkEFN-U1uVqK2EVyCQ6TaMYleM96da5moAf0BHA6oK_eXB5YC56i6ZXAFNgSgID7-Vqv_1oGXuwidKviYFldSmgwVcN66L0_1V1LkGtkhkxlat_HiO8UF3KI/s320/931_1323_00.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">2000</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYuXXvhC3LaCuztsZ4UEvg_G-8nLFBDmLM3RaH8YLqS6FM6GFNzaPTy6kqYF9zrSO-NsYUjk69Wwlc3Btw2QLlOEPwEdb3FjM_dselLXR0KZfdMsRT0qtV26ASrKCfWIIYvFS8vLmG2Inr/s1600/931_1323_01.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img aea="true" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYuXXvhC3LaCuztsZ4UEvg_G-8nLFBDmLM3RaH8YLqS6FM6GFNzaPTy6kqYF9zrSO-NsYUjk69Wwlc3Btw2QLlOEPwEdb3FjM_dselLXR0KZfdMsRT0qtV26ASrKCfWIIYvFS8vLmG2Inr/s320/931_1323_01.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">2001</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGVi429x1yNIIIpgc0US2yqatNzMY7ogiORQ2hGlapYXV0tngc-J0Waf0jdFkIOJoJFXDPzfp5MoRBX_QddIwwmRneC_-D85zWJmfViw6xycqhwSKRlzCeZEZ0rjILC8AABnwy8P_DcRVX/s1600/931_1323_05.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img aea="true" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGVi429x1yNIIIpgc0US2yqatNzMY7ogiORQ2hGlapYXV0tngc-J0Waf0jdFkIOJoJFXDPzfp5MoRBX_QddIwwmRneC_-D85zWJmfViw6xycqhwSKRlzCeZEZ0rjILC8AABnwy8P_DcRVX/s320/931_1323_05.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">2005</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> In subsequent years the area where soil was exposed remains void of ramps.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB0yjSwgrTswMxG2GxLGA1j-ozLvOSTfu9uZ9rdCKL4j_ce0gMBI6qd2ias1LXn5UKjCgTtlBc66_wBKzGKxlTJkvRpwcQHYoBpMB6NdAB5I5J2qdi2G4fIqOaNiCaT2r-S6zk-_y_CTsQ/s1600/931_1323_07.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img aea="true" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB0yjSwgrTswMxG2GxLGA1j-ozLvOSTfu9uZ9rdCKL4j_ce0gMBI6qd2ias1LXn5UKjCgTtlBc66_wBKzGKxlTJkvRpwcQHYoBpMB6NdAB5I5J2qdi2G4fIqOaNiCaT2r-S6zk-_y_CTsQ/s320/931_1323_07.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">2007</div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> It isn’t until 2010 that we see a few small ramps coming back.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhslK5DZjKjuRFNYCIMc54MV3-S_fBs8vNKA7IvpVq7G8DrCyExadzTkxllyJRqF3GG9U_wedkup0kCnfucp_-40rm7F5gZIR7PxKJ3nsf7BiwjQAnVNjdkvWw8edZiNkeoF1Bo1AtkxJjM/s1600/931_1323_10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img aea="true" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhslK5DZjKjuRFNYCIMc54MV3-S_fBs8vNKA7IvpVq7G8DrCyExadzTkxllyJRqF3GG9U_wedkup0kCnfucp_-40rm7F5gZIR7PxKJ3nsf7BiwjQAnVNjdkvWw8edZiNkeoF1Bo1AtkxJjM/s320/931_1323_10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">2010</div><div align="center" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> National Forest ramps harvest policies have not changed substantially in the last 5 to 10 years across individual Southern Appalachian management units.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Results from our research suggest that it may be time to critically examine the current harvest policy and perhaps take corrective measures, especially as forests are increasingly stressed by human and natural pressures.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-16037873759453793132012-03-21T08:53:00.000-07:002012-03-21T08:53:12.710-07:00We are rampin' up for sampling!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Our 2012 sampling season for <em>Allium tricoccum</em> will be starting a little earlier than in the past. We have just returned from doing a little reconaissance in our mountain plots and are surprised to find so many ramps already emerging...</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ_Xpn1fHF369y-_L0c4dq8aEppDdCu6ALpXLC1v_Df-IzaYBUcKX4M3s_sC_oj8WnDF97lgyNvsHLCUud0tTytI_8vViDsi9vj9Np9wf7JGsWs-Xl9ipLDSOWEAMn_121RYJR6wLZ41vb/s1600/IMG_2181.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img aea="true" border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ_Xpn1fHF369y-_L0c4dq8aEppDdCu6ALpXLC1v_Df-IzaYBUcKX4M3s_sC_oj8WnDF97lgyNvsHLCUud0tTytI_8vViDsi9vj9Np9wf7JGsWs-Xl9ipLDSOWEAMn_121RYJR6wLZ41vb/s640/IMG_2181.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-55315930220125029622012-03-07T09:04:00.000-08:002012-03-07T09:04:36.200-08:00Coming to Clemson University on March 14th...<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The South Carolina premier of a new documentary on environmental stewardship:<br />
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"Green Fire: Aldo Leopold and a Land Ethic for Our Time" tells the story of Aldo Leopold (author of A Sand County Almanac) and examines how his Land Ethic is relevant to our time.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The film was produced in a partnership between the Aldo Leopold Foundation, the Center for Humans and Nature, and the US Forest Service. There will be two showings on March 14.</span><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="225" mozallowfullscreen="" src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/8669977?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="400"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">2:00 - 4:30 pm Wed. March 14: Film showing accompanied by a panel discussion featuring Drew Lanham, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson Univ., John Lane, Environmental Studies program, Wofford College, and Charles Starkey, Department of Philosophy, Clemson Univ. Strom Thurmond Institute Auditorium.<br />
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7:00 – 9:00 pm Wed. March 14: Curt Meine of the Aldo Leopold Foundation will introduce the film. Strom Thurmond Institute Auditorium, Silas Pearman Blvd, Clemson, SC 29631<br />
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Sponsored by the Presidential Colloquium, the School of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science, and Science, Technology and Society.</span></div>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-73936928970991449962012-03-02T06:40:00.002-08:002012-03-02T06:50:17.657-08:00The Lorax opens today!<div style="text-align: center;">Enjoy the show!!!</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: center;">Don't forget to speak for the trees...</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWjyZcyd79gTDt7oHDfQjZmH89stIgux_UoY77vZuqOWvUcky9TCY8tcX-4ZRJ3-dLuOU3R_UjQbvDRW4icYwCKhfj2Qw8QftZXAJtLyP-EishMdqpuvBMNpTsTZVfU91SNtr8WWTOCPCR/s1600/TheLoraxMovie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWjyZcyd79gTDt7oHDfQjZmH89stIgux_UoY77vZuqOWvUcky9TCY8tcX-4ZRJ3-dLuOU3R_UjQbvDRW4icYwCKhfj2Qw8QftZXAJtLyP-EishMdqpuvBMNpTsTZVfU91SNtr8WWTOCPCR/s640/TheLoraxMovie.jpg" uda="true" width="640" /></a></div><br />
"The <a href="http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/pinus/palustris.htm"><span style="color: purple;">land of the longleaf pine</span></a> is a land of great beauty... swaggering over the Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia to eastern Texas...Yet little is left of the longleaf pine ecosystem today: only 1.4% of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains still support longleaf, compared to 60% in presettlement times. By 1996 only 2.95 million acres of longleaf remained out of the original 92 million acres ... Almost all of the old-growth forest is gone ... By any measure, longleaf's decline of nearly 98% is among the most severe of any ecosystem on earth. It dwarf's the Amazon rain forest's losses of somewhere between 13% and 25%. It is comparable to or exceeds the decline in the North American tallgrass prairie, the coastal forest of Brazil, and the dry forests of the Pacific Coast of Central America." <br />
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-from <u>Looking for Longleaf: The Fall and Rise of an American Forest</u> by Lawrence S. Earley<br />
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See what the U.S. Forest Service is doing to restore this amazing ecosystem:<br />
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<a href="http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/longleaf/"><span style="color: purple;">Restoring Longleaf Pine</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/compass/category/lonlgleaf-pine-ecosystems/"><span style="color: purple;">Research news</span></a><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0_UFHigRhQQ951CK6MA813AqQXK3GcSY7stxlt9R0UBKSUxZU7draJJ3FECJxvgCgAhK79aiOHjdLdB67OWClu6J8CDRq9K-iZsqyToo0z46wG88ImJ78JqUUFMgzRz7bD8iTk9OWt_RA/s1600/IMG_0180.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0_UFHigRhQQ951CK6MA813AqQXK3GcSY7stxlt9R0UBKSUxZU7draJJ3FECJxvgCgAhK79aiOHjdLdB67OWClu6J8CDRq9K-iZsqyToo0z46wG88ImJ78JqUUFMgzRz7bD8iTk9OWt_RA/s640/IMG_0180.jpg" uda="true" width="640" /></a></div>Sunset in the longleaf pine forest at <a href="http://www.fws.gov/carolinasandhills/">Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge</a><br />
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</div>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-8514779813905354852012-02-10T12:41:00.000-08:002012-02-10T12:41:27.358-08:00Explore a Forest Near You!<div style="text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: left;"><u>The Lorax</u> is my favorite children's book written by Dr. Seuss. The story is all about stewardship of our environment, advocacy for those without a voice, and what happens when we ignore good advice. This book is packed with creativity and amusing characters such as the Barbaloot Bears, Humming Fish, Swomee Swans and of course those amazing Truffula Trees. And now this story has been made into a feature length film! </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center"><embed allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" flashvars="&controlbar=over&file=http%3A%2F%2Forigin-qps.onstreammedia.com%2Forigin%2Fmultivu_archive%2FMNR%2F53447_Forest30_1201.mp4&image=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multivu.com%2Fassets%2F53447%2Fscreenshots%2Fforest-30-ss.jpg%3F1322780959&inplay.displayname=Forest%2030&inplay.height=240&inplay.playerid=P-7QJ-OJ3&inplay.pluginmode=FLASH&inplay.publisherid=MultiVu&inplay.trackerids=TR-56E-GIG&inplay.videoid=53447__Forest%2030&inplay.visible=true&inplay.width=320&inplay.x=0&inplay.y=0&plugins=viral-2h%2Cinplay-h&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multivu.com%2Fswf%2Fjwplayer-2011-09-01%2Fen.xml&viral.functions=All&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.onpause=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH" height="240" src="http://www.multivu.com/swf/jwplayer-2011-09-01/player.swf?job=53447" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="320"></div><br />
"According to the <a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/news/2011/releases/12/lorax.shtml">U.S. Forest Service</a>, more than 245 million Americans live within 100 miles from a <a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/">National Forest</a> or Grassland. However, children in the U.S. spend fifty percent less time outdoors than they did twenty years ago, according to the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan. Research shows that children who play outside have lower stress levels and more active imaginations, become fitter and leaner, develop stronger immune systems and are more likely to become environmentally conscious in the future." <br />
- <a href="http://www.multivu.com/mnr/53447-ad-council-discover-the-forest-cheecker-u-s-forest-service">AdCouncil/Universal Pictures/USFS</a><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">Now, go out and enjoy your local forest!</div><br />
<div></div><div style="text-align: center;">Discover The Forest</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.discovertheforest.org/index.php">http://www.discovertheforest.org/index.php</a><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;">National Forests in South Carolina</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/scnfs/">http://www.fs.usda.gov/scnfs/</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Clemson Experimental Forest</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.clemson.edu/cafls/departments/forestry/cef/index.html">http://www.clemson.edu/cafls/departments/forestry/cef/index.html</a></div>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-79982071897067785412012-02-06T11:14:00.000-08:002012-02-07T06:08:22.956-08:00Rx Fire in the mountains of SCWe assisted our friends at the Sumter National Forest with a prescribed fire this past Friday. The area is along Cassidy Bridge Rd. in Oconee county and home to a population of the endangered <a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/rareplants/profiles/tep/echinacea_laevigata/index.shtml">smooth coneflower</a>. USFS research plant ecologist, Dr. Joan Walker, has done some <a href="http://virtual.clemson.edu/groups/hort/sctop/pdf_docs/BSec/BSec-13.pdf">preliminary work</a> on this imperiled plant species. We were burning to reduce hazardous fuel accumulation and to benefit the coneflower.<br />
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A big thanks to Andy P. and all the folks at the Andrew-Pickens RD who run these fires safely and efficiently. A little warm for February, but a beautiful day to be out in the woods.Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-63830855508441578982012-02-02T14:14:00.000-08:002012-02-02T14:14:48.637-08:00February Seed Matrix...<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_5a6bwhUegMaeOiC3o5st51YcZ_Y-GaCGp3_fyjumyiquYfLtj3HqQA98zNzgCBM2r6aNduQQsxazy9MmsN2K60ioSKfOmiUKkL0mh3OOFcr1JPY0axNvObnktlGPNVO3bOv3gAed6BHf/s1600/Seed_Matrix_2-2-12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" sda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_5a6bwhUegMaeOiC3o5st51YcZ_Y-GaCGp3_fyjumyiquYfLtj3HqQA98zNzgCBM2r6aNduQQsxazy9MmsN2K60ioSKfOmiUKkL0mh3OOFcr1JPY0axNvObnktlGPNVO3bOv3gAed6BHf/s640/Seed_Matrix_2-2-12.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br />
Black - 2010 collections<br />
<span style="color: orange;">Orange - 2011 collections</span><br />
<span style="color: red;">Red - 2012 collections</span>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-67816288660695726122012-01-10T12:49:00.000-08:002012-01-10T12:49:41.430-08:00Seed Collection UpdateAs of January 2012...<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Photos from Brosnan Forest, summer 2005...</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Photos from Carolina Sandhills NWR...</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Photos from our Greenhouse space...</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXtDR9JMm4uAZQ2pdDKpOOoxjTmfFNJb4jKtX0AY4b8xhwai3_e2bHiza-Ev2gQhpxOSeltsMKz0tebgGjBNeLHbrIuHpS4qRwoLsmO00JcHmlxn7S5QB0doC13Vhg4Qk87_qqcniCdYNR/s1600/IMG_0794.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" rea="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXtDR9JMm4uAZQ2pdDKpOOoxjTmfFNJb4jKtX0AY4b8xhwai3_e2bHiza-Ev2gQhpxOSeltsMKz0tebgGjBNeLHbrIuHpS4qRwoLsmO00JcHmlxn7S5QB0doC13Vhg4Qk87_qqcniCdYNR/s640/IMG_0794.jpg" width="358" /></a></div><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Photos from Cowpens National Battlefield...</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJxzaCqOOiYVW_7e0VLUk69FG9IiF70TpsLYkqwNlsIf1ELhYSe9Ra1pESUnOg7xP44cu5IN-XODfAVjSOtgDfn7eqQiWeAFyx8-GRWgCHk9uBRCamWBpuN6f85lGZDMmVbZkh1a4IJom/s1600/IMG_1574.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" rea="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJxzaCqOOiYVW_7e0VLUk69FG9IiF70TpsLYkqwNlsIf1ELhYSe9Ra1pESUnOg7xP44cu5IN-XODfAVjSOtgDfn7eqQiWeAFyx8-GRWgCHk9uBRCamWBpuN6f85lGZDMmVbZkh1a4IJom/s640/IMG_1574.jpg" width="480" /></a></div><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Photos of our rare plants at the SC Botanical Garden...</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Photos from Savannah River Ste...</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
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</div>Photos from SC Taylor Nursery...<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeMrzknpIvXrWO37WkR4V9fhu0MNFhhrjpmwM8lgwS7fZjWzBkDDNylcFOsR-OsNgSpAulRJaMD2Q0d65ANiuj777irFfgS14XSubfOnMZAW7OfdliLpDdm5isO0hhuqZrevWRRiGlY9Nb/s1600/IMG_0734.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" rea="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeMrzknpIvXrWO37WkR4V9fhu0MNFhhrjpmwM8lgwS7fZjWzBkDDNylcFOsR-OsNgSpAulRJaMD2Q0d65ANiuj777irFfgS14XSubfOnMZAW7OfdliLpDdm5isO0hhuqZrevWRRiGlY9Nb/s400/IMG_0734.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Restorationhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14041766555147970387noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1057794022443258462.post-41697180107544052042011-12-14T07:35:00.000-08:002011-12-14T07:35:33.729-08:00Our wiregrass plugs are ready!<div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;">Coming soon to Ft. Gordon...</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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